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MySQL database back-up maken

Een MySQL back-up maken is net zo belangrijk als het maken van een website back-up. Door een MySQL database back-up te maken verzeker je ervan dat jouw WordPress, Joomla, Drupal of eigen CMS website weer snel in de lucht is mocht er iets mee gebeuren (bijvoorbeeld een website hack). Alle content staat opgeslagen in deze MySQL database back-up en daarom is een website én MySQL back-up zó belangrijk! Lees hier hoe…

Het Cobian Backup-programma dat we in het eerdere artikel gebruikten kan helaas geen MySQL database back-ups maken. Hiervoor hebben we een ander programma nodig: MySQL Workbench. In dit artikel maak ik een MySQL back-up met de grafische MySQL Workbench, én via de opdrachtprompt met mysqldump (MySQL command line utilities).

MySQL Workbench noem ik ook in het artikel MySQL-database beheren. Werk je liever online via phpMyAdmin? Zie dan het artikel Met phpMyAdmin een MySQL back-up maken.

Je moet ook jouw MySQL database inloggegevens bij de hand hebben. Via FTP kun je het /wp-config.php (WordPress), /configuration.php (Joomla), of /sites/default/settings.php (Drupal) downloaden. Hier staan ze in. Neem bij twijfel contact op met je hostingprovider.

Download en installeer nu eerst MySQL Workbench.

Effective MySQL: Backup and Recovery belicht alle opties met gedetailleerde beschrjivingen, syntaxis en voorbeelden die ervoor zorgen dat jij een gepaste back-up en herstel plan kunt ontwikkelen.

MySQL database back-up met MySQL Workbench

Het maken van een MySQL back-up met MySQL Workbench is vrij eenvoudig:
Nadat je MySQL Workbench hebt geïnstalleerd en opgestart, kies je voor Manage Connections in het menu-item Database.

MySQL database backup Workbench 01

In het nieuwe scherm, klik linksonder op New, en vul het venster in met jouw databasegegevens. Gebruik eventeel Test connection om te verifieren dat de gegevens juist zijn. Sluit af met Close.

MySQL database backup Workbench 02

De zojuist aangemaakte MySQL verbinding staat nu op het hoofdscherm van MySQL Workbench. Klik deze aan om een verbinding met de database te maken.

MySQL database backup Workbench 03

Als alles goed is gegaan is de verbinding met jouw MySQL database gemaakt. Je kunt nu een MySQL back-up maken via het onderdeel Data Export in het menu-item Server.

MySQL database backup Workbench 04

Om de back-up te maken van jouw MySQL database, vink de database (Schema) aan onder Object Selection. Maak een keuze uit Objects to Export (het beste kun je alles aangevinkt laten staan, tenzij je weet dat jouw database geen Stored Procedures, Events of Triggers gebruikt.

Omdat ik graag de database in één .sql-bestand heb staan, heb ik ook Export to Self-Contained File aangevinkt.

Klik Start Export om het maken van de MySQL back-up te starten.

MySQL database backup Workbench 05

In dit laatste venster zie je een bevestiging dat de back-up is gemaakt en daarna kun je dit afsluiten.

MySQL database backup Workbench 06

Klaar, de MySQL back-up is gemaakt! Dat was simpel he?!

MySQL database back-up via de opdrachtprompt

command line fu :-)

Om via de opdrachtprompt een MySQL back-up te maken moet je weten dat tijdens het installeren van MySQL Workbench er ook een uitvoerbaar bestand mysqldump.exe is geplaatst. Je vindt deze in de map C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Workbench 6.2 CE.

Start nu eerst een opdrachtprompt via cmd.exe (Windows toets + R). Ga naar de locatie waar je de MySQL back-up graag wilt hebben staan, in mijn geval: cd backups

Met de mysqldump.exe parameter --help wordt de help weergegeven. Schrik niet van de hoeveelheid informatie, lees het eens op je gemak door (klik hier om de help over te slaan):

mysqldump  Ver 10.13 Distrib 5.6.23, for Win64 (x86_64)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Dumping structure and contents of MySQL databases and tables.
Usage: mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables]
OR     mysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
OR     mysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS]
Default options are read from the following files in the given order:
C:\WINDOWS\my.ini C:\WINDOWS\my.cnf C:\my.ini C:\my.cnf C:\Program Files\MySQL\my.ini C:\Program Files\MySQL\my.cnf
The following groups are read: mysqldump client
The following options may be given as the first argument:
--print-defaults        Print the program argument list and exit.
--no-defaults           Don't read default options from any option file,
                        except for login file.
--defaults-file=#       Only read default options from the given file #.
--defaults-extra-file=# Read this file after the global files are read.
--defaults-group-suffix=#
                        Also read groups with concat(group, suffix)
--login-path=#          Read this path from the login file.
  -A, --all-databases Dump all the databases. This will be same as --databases
                      with all databases selected.
  -Y, --all-tablespaces
                      Dump all the tablespaces.
  -y, --no-tablespaces
                      Do not dump any tablespace information.
  --add-drop-database Add a DROP DATABASE before each create.
  --add-drop-table    Add a DROP TABLE before each create.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-add-drop-table to disable.)
  --add-drop-trigger  Add a DROP TRIGGER before each create.
  --add-locks         Add locks around INSERT statements.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-add-locks to disable.)
  --allow-keywords    Allow creation of column names that are keywords.
  --apply-slave-statements
                      Adds 'STOP SLAVE' prior to 'CHANGE MASTER' and 'START
                      SLAVE' to bottom of dump.
  --bind-address=name IP address to bind to.
  --character-sets-dir=name
                      Directory for character set files.
  -i, --comments      Write additional information.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-comments to disable.)
  --compatible=name   Change the dump to be compatible with a given mode. By
                      default tables are dumped in a format optimized for
                      MySQL. Legal modes are: ansi, mysql323, mysql40,
                      postgresql, oracle, mssql, db2, maxdb, no_key_options,
                      no_table_options, no_field_options. One can use several
                      modes separated by commas. Note: Requires MySQL server
                      version 4.1.0 or higher. This option is ignored with
                      earlier server versions.
  --compact           Give less verbose output (useful for debugging). Disables
                      structure comments and header/footer constructs.  Enables
                      options --skip-add-drop-table --skip-add-locks
                      --skip-comments --skip-disable-keys --skip-set-charset.
  -c, --complete-insert
                      Use complete insert statements.
  -C, --compress      Use compression in server/client protocol.
  -a, --create-options
                      Include all MySQL specific create options.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-create-options to disable.)
  -B, --databases     Dump several databases. Note the difference in usage; in
                      this case no tables are given. All name arguments are
                      regarded as database names. 'USE db_name;' will be
                      included in the output.
  -#, --debug[=#]     This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit.
  --debug-check       Check memory and open file usage at exit.
  --debug-info        Print some debug info at exit.
  --default-character-set=name
                      Set the default character set.
  --delayed-insert    Insert rows with INSERT DELAYED.
  --delete-master-logs
                      Delete logs on master after backup. This automatically
                      enables --master-data.
  -K, --disable-keys  '/*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name DISABLE KEYS */; and
                      '/*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name ENABLE KEYS */; will be put
                      in the output.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-disable-keys to disable.)
  --dump-slave[=#]    This causes the binary log position and filename of the
                      master to be appended to the dumped data output. Setting
                      the value to 1, will printit as a CHANGE MASTER command
                      in the dumped data output; if equal to 2, that command
                      will be prefixed with a comment symbol. This option will
                      turn --lock-all-tables on, unless --single-transaction is
                      specified too (in which case a global read lock is only
                      taken a short time at the beginning of the dump - don't
                      forget to read about --single-transaction below). In all
                      cases any action on logs will happen at the exact moment
                      of the dump.Option automatically turns --lock-tables off.
  -E, --events        Dump events.
  -e, --extended-insert
                      Use multiple-row INSERT syntax that include several
                      VALUES lists.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-extended-insert to disable.)
  --fields-terminated-by=name
                      Fields in the output file are terminated by the given
                      string.
  --fields-enclosed-by=name
                      Fields in the output file are enclosed by the given
                      character.
  --fields-optionally-enclosed-by=name
                      Fields in the output file are optionally enclosed by the
                      given character.
  --fields-escaped-by=name
                      Fields in the output file are escaped by the given
                      character.
  -F, --flush-logs    Flush logs file in server before starting dump. Note that
                      if you dump many databases at once (using the option
                      --databases= or --all-databases), the logs will be
                      flushed for each database dumped. The exception is when
                      using --lock-all-tables or --master-data: in this case
                      the logs will be flushed only once, corresponding to the
                      moment all tables are locked. So if you want your dump
                      and the log flush to happen at the same exact moment you
                      should use --lock-all-tables or --master-data with
                      --flush-logs.
  --flush-privileges  Emit a FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement after dumping the mysql
                      database.  This option should be used any time the dump
                      contains the mysql database and any other database that
                      depends on the data in the mysql database for proper
                      restore.
  -f, --force         Continue even if we get an SQL error.
  -?, --help          Display this help message and exit.
  --hex-blob          Dump binary strings (BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB) in
                      hexadecimal format.
  -h, --host=name     Connect to host.
  --ignore-table=name Do not dump the specified table. To specify more than one
                      table to ignore, use the directive multiple times, once
                      for each table.  Each table must be specified with both
                      database and table names, e.g.,
                      --ignore-table=database.table.
  --include-master-host-port
                      Adds 'MASTER_HOST=, MASTER_PORT=' to 'CHANGE
                      MASTER TO..' in dump produced with --dump-slave.
  --insert-ignore     Insert rows with INSERT IGNORE.
  --lines-terminated-by=name
                      Lines in the output file are terminated by the given
                      string.
  -x, --lock-all-tables
                      Locks all tables across all databases. This is achieved
                      by taking a global read lock for the duration of the
                      whole dump. Automatically turns --single-transaction and
                      --lock-tables off.
  -l, --lock-tables   Lock all tables for read.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-lock-tables to disable.)
  --log-error=name    Append warnings and errors to given file.
  --master-data[=#]   This causes the binary log position and filename to be
                      appended to the output. If equal to 1, will print it as a
                      CHANGE MASTER command; if equal to 2, that command will
                      be prefixed with a comment symbol. This option will turn
                      --lock-all-tables on, unless --single-transaction is
                      specified too (in which case a global read lock is only
                      taken a short time at the beginning of the dump; don't
                      forget to read about --single-transaction below). In all
                      cases, any action on logs will happen at the exact moment
                      of the dump. Option automatically turns --lock-tables
                      off.
  --max-allowed-packet=#
                      The maximum packet length to send to or receive from
                      server.
  --net-buffer-length=#
                      The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication.
  --no-autocommit     Wrap tables with autocommit/commit statements.
  -n, --no-create-db  Suppress the CREATE DATABASE ... IF EXISTS statement that
                      normally is output for each dumped database if
                      --all-databases or --databases is given.
  -t, --no-create-info
                      Don't write table creation info.
  -d, --no-data       No row information.
  -N, --no-set-names  Same as --skip-set-charset.
  --opt               Same as --add-drop-table, --add-locks, --create-options,
                      --quick, --extended-insert, --lock-tables, --set-charset,
                      and --disable-keys. Enabled by default, disable with
                      --skip-opt.
  --order-by-primary  Sorts each table's rows by primary key, or first unique
                      key, if such a key exists.  Useful when dumping a MyISAM
                      table to be loaded into an InnoDB table, but will make
                      the dump itself take considerably longer.
  -p, --password[=name]
                      Password to use when connecting to server. If password is
                      not given it's solicited on the tty.
  -W, --pipe          Use named pipes to connect to server.
  -P, --port=#        Port number to use for connection.
  --protocol=name     The protocol to use for connection (tcp, socket, pipe,
                      memory).
  -q, --quick         Don't buffer query, dump directly to stdout.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-quick to disable.)
  -Q, --quote-names   Quote table and column names with backticks (`).
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-quote-names to disable.)
  --replace           Use REPLACE INTO instead of INSERT INTO.
  -r, --result-file=name
                      Direct output to a given file. This option should be used
                      in systems (e.g., DOS, Windows) that use carriage-return
                      linefeed pairs (rn) to separate text lines. This option
                      ensures that only a single newline is used.
  -R, --routines      Dump stored routines (functions and procedures).
  --set-charset       Add 'SET NAMES default_character_set' to the output.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-set-charset to disable.)
  --set-gtid-purged[=name]
                      Add 'SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED' to the output. Possible
                      values for this option are ON, OFF and AUTO. If ON is
                      used and GTIDs are not enabled on the server, an error is
                      generated. If OFF is used, this option does nothing. If
                      AUTO is used and GTIDs are enabled on the server, 'SET
                      @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED' is added to the output. If GTIDs
                      are disabled, AUTO does nothing. If no value is supplied
                      then the default (AUTO) value will be considered.
  --shared-memory-base-name=name
                      Base name of shared memory.
  --single-transaction
                      Creates a consistent snapshot by dumping all tables in a
                      single transaction. Works ONLY for tables stored in
                      storage engines which support multiversioning (currently
                      only InnoDB does); the dump is NOT guaranteed to be
                      consistent for other storage engines. While a
                      --single-transaction dump is in process, to ensure a
                      valid dump file (correct table contents and binary log
                      position), no other connection should use the following
                      statements: ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE,
                      TRUNCATE TABLE, as consistent snapshot is not isolated
                      from them. Option automatically turns off --lock-tables.
  --dump-date         Put a dump date to the end of the output.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-dump-date to disable.)
  --skip-opt          Disable --opt. Disables --add-drop-table, --add-locks,
                      --create-options, --quick, --extended-insert,
                      --lock-tables, --set-charset, and --disable-keys.
  -S, --socket=name   The socket file to use for connection.
  --secure-auth       Refuse client connecting to server if it uses old
                      (pre-4.1.1) protocol.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-secure-auth to disable.)
  --ssl               Enable SSL for connection (automatically enabled with
                      other flags).
  --ssl-ca=name       CA file in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies
                      --ssl).
  --ssl-capath=name   CA directory (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
  --ssl-cert=name     X509 cert in PEM format (implies --ssl).
  --ssl-cipher=name   SSL cipher to use (implies --ssl).
  --ssl-key=name      X509 key in PEM format (implies --ssl).
  --ssl-crl=name      Certificate revocation list (implies --ssl).
  --ssl-crlpath=name  Certificate revocation list path (implies --ssl).
  --ssl-verify-server-cert
                      Verify server's "Common Name" in its cert against
                      hostname used when connecting. This option is disabled by
                      default.
  -T, --tab=name      Create tab-separated textfile for each table to given
                      path. (Create .sql and .txt files.) NOTE: This only works
                      if mysqldump is run on the same machine as the mysqld
                      server.
  --tables            Overrides option --databases (-B).
  --triggers          Dump triggers for each dumped table.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-triggers to disable.)
  --tz-utc            SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' at top of dump to allow dumping of
                      TIMESTAMP data when a server has data in different time
                      zones or data is being moved between servers with
                      different time zones.
                      (Defaults to on; use --skip-tz-utc to disable.)
  -u, --user=name     User for login if not current user.
  -v, --verbose       Print info about the various stages.
  -V, --version       Output version information and exit.
  -w, --where=name    Dump only selected records. Quotes are mandatory.
  -X, --xml           Dump a database as well formed XML.
  --plugin-dir=name   Directory for client-side plugins.
  --default-auth=name Default authentication client-side plugin to use.
Variables (--variable-name=value)
and boolean options {FALSE|TRUE}  Value (after reading options)
--------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
all-databases                     FALSE
all-tablespaces                   FALSE
no-tablespaces                    FALSE
add-drop-database                 FALSE
add-drop-table                    TRUE
add-drop-trigger                  FALSE
add-locks                         TRUE
allow-keywords                    FALSE
apply-slave-statements            FALSE
bind-address                      (No default value)
character-sets-dir                (No default value)
comments                          TRUE
compatible                        (No default value)
compact                           FALSE
complete-insert                   FALSE
compress                          FALSE
create-options                    TRUE
databases                         FALSE
debug-check                       FALSE
debug-info                        FALSE
default-character-set             utf8
delayed-insert                    FALSE
delete-master-logs                FALSE
disable-keys                      TRUE
dump-slave                        0
events                            FALSE
extended-insert                   TRUE
fields-terminated-by              (No default value)
fields-enclosed-by                (No default value)
fields-optionally-enclosed-by     (No default value)
fields-escaped-by                 (No default value)
flush-logs                        FALSE
flush-privileges                  FALSE
force                             FALSE
hex-blob                          FALSE
host                              (No default value)
include-master-host-port          FALSE
insert-ignore                     FALSE
lines-terminated-by               (No default value)
lock-all-tables                   FALSE
lock-tables                       TRUE
log-error                         (No default value)
master-data                       0
max-allowed-packet                25165824
net-buffer-length                 1046528
no-autocommit                     FALSE
no-create-db                      FALSE
no-create-info                    FALSE
no-data                           FALSE
order-by-primary                  FALSE
port                              0
quick                             TRUE
quote-names                       TRUE
replace                           FALSE
routines                          FALSE
set-charset                       TRUE
shared-memory-base-name           (No default value)
single-transaction                FALSE
dump-date                         TRUE
socket                            (No default value)
secure-auth                       TRUE
ssl                               FALSE
ssl-ca                            (No default value)
ssl-capath                        (No default value)
ssl-cert                          (No default value)
ssl-cipher                        (No default value)
ssl-key                           (No default value)
ssl-crl                           (No default value)
ssl-crlpath                       (No default value)
ssl-verify-server-cert            FALSE
tab                               (No default value)
triggers                          TRUE
tz-utc                            TRUE
user                              (No default value)
verbose                           FALSE
where                             (No default value)
plugin-dir                        (No default value)
default-auth                      (No default value)Code language: Bash (bash)

De meest belangrijke informatie is:

Usage: mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables]Code language: Bash (bash)

Dit betekent dat we mysqldump kunnen aanroepen met [OPTIONS], de databasenaam en [tables]. We weten ook dat we de hele database willen back-uppen.

Omdat we niet weten of er Stored Procedures, Events en Triggers in de database aanwezig zijn, moeten deze opties ook meegenomen worden. En we moeten van afstand kunnen inloggen, wat een hostnaam, gebruikersnaam, wachtwoord en databasenaam vereist.

Dus, door even na te denken over wat we precies willen, hebben we hier alle informatie opgesomd die we als optie nodig hebben:

-E, --events        Dump events.
-h, --host=name     Connect to host.
--opt               Same as --add-drop-table, --add-locks, --create-options,
                      --quick, --extended-insert, --lock-tables, --set-charset,
                      and --disable-keys. Enabled by default, disable with
                      --skip-opt.
-p, --password[=name]
                      Password to use when connecting to server. If password is
                      not given it's solicited on the tty.
-R, --routines      Dump stored routines (functions and procedures).
-u, --user=name     User for login if not current user.Code language: PowerShell (powershell)

en natuurlijk de databasenaam.

Hiermee wordt ons volledige MySQL back-up opdracht:

"C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Workbench 6.2 CE\mysqldump.exe"
  --host=mysql_hostnaam
  --opt
  --password=mysql_wachtwoord
  --routines
  --user=mysql_user
  mysql_databasenaam >> mysql_databasenaam.sqlCode language: PowerShell (powershell)

Door >> (of >) te gebruiken wordt de uitvoer van het commando opgeslagen in het bestand dat daarna opgegeven wordt (mysql_databasenaam.sql). Anders scrolt de uitvoer alleen over het scherm zonder dat er wat meegedaan wordt. Met >> wordt de uitvoer toegevoegd aan het bestand, met > wordt het bestand overschreven met de uitvoer. Pas hiervoor op.

Omdat in het pad naar mysqldump.exe spaties staan, moet het hele pad tussen dubbele quotes (") staan.

Gebruik --ssl om de MySQL-verbinding met SSL of TLS te versleutelen, als jouw hostingprovider dat ondersteunt. Je kunt dan ook vanaf jouw website een beveiligde MySQL-verbinding maken zoals ik in een aantal artikelen heb uitgelegd:

I can’t stress it enough, the use of SSL (TLS) is important!

Leer alle ins en outs van MySQL met het Head First PHP and MySQL boek

Conclusie MySQL back-ups maken

In dit artikel heb ik je twee eenvoudige manieren laten zien om snel een MySQL database back-up mee te maken. Een back-up van je database is, net als een website back-up erg belangrijk. Hiermee stel je je gegevens veilig in case of emergency. Helaas kom ik tijdens mijn werk nog té vaak tegen dat een website gehackt wordt en dat er geen zelfgemaakte back-ups beschikbaar zijn.

Lees in het artikel Met phpMyAdmin een MySQL back-up maken hoe je een MySQL back-up maakt met phpMyAdmin en MySQL-database beheren als je alles wilt weten over het beheren van MySQL-databases.

Doneer €5, 10 of 15 via Paypal. Dank je <3 ❤️

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